World+War+I+&+Between+Wars



=__1980 What aspects of Russian society and institutions were most changed and what aspects least changed by the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917? Limit your discussions to the first ten years (1917-1927) of the new regime and account for the changes you note.__ = =The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 witnessed significant and insignificant changes concerning Russia's society. Most significantly one can see the most changed aspects of Russian society by the overthrow of the imperial monarchy and rise of communism which can be seen by the creation of the Bolshevik party and actions taken to create an equal society. One of the least changed aspects of the revolution were the wealth and power of individuals and their say in society.= = || ** Social Factors In Society That Were Aspects Of Society Changed The Least ** || v One of the Bolshevik's primary beliefs was that all men are of equal class and status, thus this was one of the first major changes instituted with the new regime. v Lenin accepts peasant seizure of land and worker control of factories; all banks are nationalized. v Lenin permanently disbands the Constituent Assembly. v Agrarian upheavals; peasants seize estates; peasant soldiers desert the army to participate. v The Bolsheviks were working against the provisional government and demanded that all political power went to the soviets. v His slogans were radical in the extreme: “All power to the soviets,” All land to the peasants,” and Stop the war now. v The Bolsheviks had appealed very effectively to the workers and soldiers of Petrograd, increasing their popular support. v Trotsky, Lenin’s supporter, convinced the Petrograd soviet to form a special military-revolutionary committee in October. Ø Which then led to military power in the capital passed to the Bolsheviks. v The Bolsheviks came to power because in Lenin and Trotsky, the Bolsheviks had a superior leadership, which the tsarist and provisional government lacked. || v First, the educational system in Russia was not changed. Though communism was being enforced people Russian people still did not have a great access to education. v Life of farmers did change officially, but in reality it probably was a step back to the not fully forgotten "community" system, which predominated before 20th century. v Family life and traditions remained the same v The empire remained the same empire v The people lost the right to think for themselves and the government was able to treat them a cattle and dispose of them as they pleased. Ø Now that communism was the majority, all people were subjected to the same harsh treatment had to be treated by higher individuals. v Aspects least changed primarily dealt with wealth and power. v Very little changed with Bolsheviks coming to power in regards to wealth of common people. Ø Mostly, the national treasury was raided and those highest in the Bolshevik institution lined their pockets with as much as they could, and left the rest of the population to fend for themselves. || ɹǝıɹɹǝd ʎɹoƃǝɹƃ media type="custom" key="3582592"media type="custom" key="3582596" __1981 Analyze the major social, political, and technological changes that took place in European warfare between 1789 and 1918.__ == Between 1789 and 1918, all aspects of European life relating to warfare were completely changed. Socially, the population at home could be as responsible for success as the soldiers, in terms of politics, wars were now fought for different reasons and included new strategies, and naturally, there were several revolutionary technological advances. All of these elements led to new outlooks and goals for war and also allowed its results to shape European life more than ever before. 1- Social Changes 2- Political Changes 3- Technological Changes Derek Sekuler
 * ** Overthrow Of The Imperial Monarchy And Rise Of Communism **
 * v One of the most changed aspects of the Bolshevik Revolution was the spread of communism through Russia.
 * Starting in 1789, the French Revolution sparked a rise of the peasantry. Throughout the revolution, civil war ensued in France between its supporters and those who opposed revolution. Peasants clashed with previously unchallenged aristocrats. Although peasants still remained oppressed, their slight increase in influence would help bring the downfall of the aristocracy during that time period.
 * The rise of nationalism would be the greatest social change to influence European warfare during this time period.
 * If a government could draw up nationalistic feelings for a war, the war would be supported at home.
 * The opposite was also true. If a population became dismayed at war or its result, the government could receive the backlash. This was true of the Russo-Japanese war. The Russian loss ultimately sealed the fate of the czarist regime as the embarrassing loss to Japan caused Russians to lose any existing faith in their government.
 * The general sense of optimism that surrounded Europe before World War 1 helped to bring about the war. On both sides, the populations of the European powers believed that it would be a short, victorious war. There was also a sense of longing for a war as the last major conflict had been the Franco-Prussian War of 1871.
 * During World War 1, women were able to enhance their status in new ways. While most of the men were out fighting, women took the jobs in factories, ran businesses, and simply took up the work of the men. This new rise in status led to suffrage for many women in the years following the war.
 * Between 1789 and 1918, governments became more centralized and organized. There was much less of an aristocratic influence or threat on government action. A government’s actions would be directly felt by the people.
 * As a result of the Congress of Vienna, there was a new outlook towards treaties by governments. The result was that treaties should be made in order to bring about and preserve peace instead of implementing actions that were likely to cause future wars. After 1815, the only notable wars until World War 1 occurred between about 1850-1871. Although there were small wars in between, Europe was generally an area of peace (at least on the surface of things).
 * This was seen in the years leading up to World War 1 as countries like Germany and Russia instilled total war philosophies on their nations.
 * Those who were not fighting were still “mobilized” because all work was done to support the war effort. Economic policies were designed specifically to aid the war effort.
 * Nationalism also had major political implications on European warfare.
 * Nationalism first brought about the formation of two newly unified powers in Europe- Germany and Italy. Both achieved unification through war. Nationalism would also be responsible for the formation of the Dual Monarchy between Austria and Hungary.
 * Nationalism would serve to spark World War 1 due to the tensions created by small ethnic or national groups. After the Napoleonic Wars and Congress of Vienna, the general borders of Europe were established. The problem was that ethnic groups such as the Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, etc. would continuously fight with their “mother” countries for independence. Eastern Europe and the Balkans were such areas where nationalism thrived.
 * Nationalism also led to wars of independence or wars to preserve empires- a type of warfare that had been experienced overseas but no so much on the European continent.
 * There were incredible technological changes during this period.
 * In 1789, weapons were limited to swords, pikes, muskets, and primitive pistols.
 * By World War 1, war technology had changed tremendously and also brought about new war strategies.
 * The machine gun proved revolutionary to warfare. It would be an easy method to counteract superior enthusiasm by enemy soldiers (as the French learned the hard way against Germany).
 * World War 1 saw the introduction of chemical warfare. Germans began using mustard gas which could be dumped into the foxholes and trenches. In response, the gas mask was also created.
 * The submarine completely changed wars at sea. German U-Boats could unknowingly sink almost any ship on the surface.
 * Primitive tanks, which could counteract machine guns, were also introduced during this time. However, they would not be perfected until World War 2.
 * The same goes for the airplane. The fighter planes of World War 1 were generally fragile but by the Second World War they became an irreplaceable weapon.

=__1983 Compare the rise to power of fascism in Italy and in Germany.__ = Feelings of contempt towards the provisions of the Versailles treaty, fear of the spreading Bolshevik communism, and postwar turmoil proved to be the ideal environment for the rise of fascism in Italian and German societies. With their one-party dictatorships, Mussolini and Hitler used terror and propaganda to achieve complete control over political life and personal liberties in their totalitarian states. Although both Italy and German achieved their Fascist Totalitarian states through similar means, the degree to which ideas such as racism and religion influenced their parties shows quite a difference. i. The Italians were discontented with what they had gained due to the fact that they were promised certain areas for switched to the allies, which they did not receive after the conclusion of the war ii. The Germans were resentful of what they had been deprived of (Alsace-Lorraine, Poland, Sudetenland)) in addition to the $132 billion in reparations, the war guilt i. Led for the popularity of the Nazi Party and their program, the Twenty-Five Points (included: repudiation of Versailles’ Treaty, agrarian reform, replacement of department stores with retail stores. ii. The fortunes of the Nazi party were closely linked to the economic situation; the more unstable the economy, the more seats the Nazis won in the Reichstag i. Formed local squads of terrorists who disrupted Socialists Party meetings, and attacked strikers. ii. His and his followers used intimidation through arson, beatings, and murder against local officials to gain power- thus ended up controlling local government in much of northern Italy. iii. Through his intimidation, the King, Victor Emmanuel yielded to Mussolini’s charge and appointed him Prime minister, and soon granted him temporal **doctorial power** iv. Took control of the Chamber of Deputies in 1924 (by changing the election law) and 1925-26 series of laws passed allowing to rule by decree v. Propaganda- “cult of personality” surrounded Mussolini, brainwashing individuals to believe that Mussolini had saved them from Bolshevism i. His party, National Socialist German Working Party, appealed to many people, especially war veterans, thus using them as his key “storm troopers” to gain good and uniforms ii. Before taking control of the government, the Nazis used terror and intimidation in order for them to take control of the government. 1. Terrorism- put the Reichstag building on fire… use it as a pretext to order emergency powers iii. (Attacked socialists and communists, and represented anyone who showed contempt for the current law and government iv. After being arrested for pulling an unsuccessful putsch, Hitler wrote “Mein Kampf” in order to grab power by legal means. v. Membership of one Nazi youth group was obligatory for all Germans until age 18. vi. Toward workers: labor unions abolished, establishment of ‘Strength Through Joy’ (movement which provided subsidized holidays, sporting activities, etc.) vii. Propaganda — bringing under control the mass media and using them towards Nazi propaganda. Books that did not conform to Nazi beliefs were burned in huge bonfires. i. Italian Fascism did not have a racial basis and was not particularly anti-Jewish. ii. The superiority of the German race and anti-Semitism, was a central pillar of Nazism. It manifested itself in the 'master race' theory and anti-Jewish campaigns. (In 1933, the Nazi’s began passing laws depriving Jews of their rights. In 1935 Hitler passed the **Nuremberg Laws**, which denied Jews of their citizenship and forbade the intermarriage of Jews and non-Jews.) i. Mussolini was more successful in his religious policy. His 1929 Concordat with the Pope was a lasting achievement. 1. Through the Lateran Accord, the Roman Catholic Church and the Italian state made peace with each other; pope was recognized as the temporary ruler of Vatican City… church property exempt from paying taxes, church allowed to govern marriage—brought respectability to Mussolini’s rule ii. Hitler was not on good terms with either the Catholic or Protestant Church; his Nazi state remained an exclusively political character. Karishma Sabhnani
 * 1) [[image:outline.jpg width="51" height="39"]]
 * 2) //Feelings of contempt towards the provisions of the Versailles treaty, fear of the spreading Bolshevik communism, and postwar turmoil proved to be the ideal environment for the rise of fascism in Italian and German societies.//
 * 3) Both Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany were unhappy with the decisions made at the Paris Peace Conference after WWI
 * 1) Italy faced with considerable internal social turmoil, industrial strikes, peasants seizing land, and both a parliamentary and constitutional government could not control this upheaval… thus society feared that this would lead to a communist revolt- led room for Mussolini to come to power
 * 2) High German inflation and lack of support for the flawed Weimar Republic caused the desire for order and security at any cost
 * 1) //With their one-party dictatorships, Mussolini and Hitler used terror and propaganda to achieve complete control over political life and personal liberties in their totalitarian states.//
 * 2) Italy (Mussolini the Duce and his Fascist members)-
 * 1) Germany (Hitler the Fuhrer and the Nazi Party)
 * 1) All other parties in both countries were **banned** and non-party members could seldom hold high official posts.
 * 2) //Although both Italy and German achieved their Fascist Totalitarian states through similar means, the degree to which ideas such as racism and religion influenced their parties shows quite a difference.//
 * 3) Racism.
 * 1) Racism.
 * 1) Religion

media type="custom" key="3582624"media type="custom" key="3582628" =**//__1993 “Dictators in twentieth-century Europe have had much greater control over culture and society than had divine right monarchs of earlier centuries.” Assess the validity of this statement, using specific examples from each era to support your position.__ //** = Europe experienced the rise of powerful authoritarian dictators in Europe in the Twentieth Century. These dictators were much more effective at controlling their peoples' culture and society than the divine-right wielding monarchs of earlier times due to their manipulation of the people's view on economic, political, and social problems and aspects of the time.

__**Control over the Economic Views of the Populace**__
 * In Germany, Hitler attacked German unemployment successfully, which gained him trust.
 * Used "Strength through Joy" program (Kraft durch Freude) to provide workers with vacations, recreation, an shorter work days. This kept the working class content. This program was instituted by the German Labour Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront), the government Labour ministry designed to provide the best environment for the workers (productivity wise), which resulted in workers getting more rights.
 * Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini used corporatism to link the government to the industries, and, along with the Institute for Industrial Reconstruction;s ability to lend out loans to failing businesses, the Fascist dictatorship controlled significant parts of nearly every business, allowing for limited government control of Italian concumers.
 * Josef Stalin, dictator of Communist Russia, instituted a collectivisation program in Russia. This was intended to increase agricultural output from large-scale mechanized farms, to bring the peasantry under more direct political control, and to make tax collection more efficient.
 * Majority of wealth in past monarchs countries resided in the nobility. In countries like France and England, the nobility used this as a bargaining point, deeply undermining the monarch's power. This was known as "power of the purse."
 * Monarchs had to imposed bizarre sanctions to raise money. James I and II and Charles the I and II imposed a naval tax that applied to all of England, not the just the coast, for where the tax was designed for.
 * Monarchs had to seek approval of nobility to impose any tax, and this also heavily undermined the monarch's abiliy to raise funds.
 * In a desperate bid to maintain economic power (by controlling the nobility's actions), Louis XVI built Versailles to store the nobles and to keep an eye on them.
 * 20th Century dictators had access to things like radio, which allowed for mass spreading of the ruler's thoughts and ideas.

__**Control over the Political Views of the Populace**__
 * Hitler of Germany gained power through legal means. In 1933, he attained a majority in the Reichstag, and used this as leverage power for Hindenberg to appoint him as chancellor. When chancellor, he caused a fire at the Reichstag and used it as an excuse to abuse Article 48 and take full legal power. With this legal mean to dictatorship, people questioned his power less than if he had some questioanble road to power.
 * Monarchs claimed clean bloodline and divine right, two things that told the general populace that they were unabla to gain the power that the monarch currently had, thus inciting discontent. This also emans that they weren't necessarily liked, as the people had no legal input as to who their leader is.
 * Benito Mussolini took his Black Shirts (kind of like a personal army) and marched on Rome. Before he reached, the king appointed Mussolini as the Minister due to fear of being "coerced" into doing so. Mussolini then passed continuous legislations to give him complete power, which he finally attained in 1926.
 * Kulaks (wealthy peasants) in Russia objected to Stalin's plan of colletivisation. To quiet the dissenters, Stalin collected and persecuted thousands pon thousands of them and sent them to Siberian labour camps, or Gulags. Through these eactions, he quieted any future dissent against him (or at least madde the rebels think more than twice).
 * 20th Century distatorships claimed expanding the nation's boundaries was simply nationalistic and completely normal, thereby alleviating some of the complaints received from other countries.
 * Monarchs consistently had to split their power. Absolutism almost never worked, as the people inevitably suspected the monarch of being too powerful and potentially taking away the people's rights. This was the case with James I of England, who was suspected of trying to take rights away from the Puritans.
 * Past monarchs could not rule by decree. Charles I wanted to go to war with Scotland to convert the Scottish to Anglican, but he could not raise funds due to Parliament's Petition of Right. Parliament issued a long list of complaints and did not allow Charles I to declare a war.
 * 20th Century dictators had access to things like radio, which allowed for mass spreading of the ruler's thoughts and ideas.

__**Control over the Social Views of the Populace**__
 * Adolph Hitler's campaign included ridiculous amounts of propaganda. During his dictatorship, posters everywhere showed Hitler, and parades all the time expressed the Germans' nationalistic tendencies.
 * Dictators often promised more rights and luxuries to the common man, which meant they appealed to the core of society: workers and farmers. In fact, Mussolini personally worked with some farmers to show his support for the "Battle of Wheat."
 * Hitler encouraged the domestic role of women, saying they should be honored for having as many chldren as possible. He even distributed medals for exceptional service in this field. As a side ffect, it also freed up some jobs for men, further combating Germany's problem ofunemployment.
 * In the case of Adolph Hitler and Josef Stalin, the masses became happy that they were put into [theoretical] power, which made it easier for the dictators to have control over the social aspects of their land. Since they had the trust of the people, they were able to get away with more abuses, such as halting the production of consumer goods, citing the "good of the country" as the reason.
 * Many dictators of the 20th Century played on Europeans' strong feelings of Anti-Semitism, and thusly turned Jews into scapegoats for all problems, leading to things like the Kristallnacht, and ultiamtely the Holocaust.
 * Monarchs of times past really only tried to appeal to the likes of the nobility, meaning they lost favor of the lower classes.
 * Monarchs often further weakened those who had very little power to eliminate chance of rebellion from that group of people.
 * Monarchs often came under fire for supportin some group of the country that was not in majority. For example, James I tried to extend toleration of the Catholics all over England, but the Protestants were angered, and this made James' power decrease.
 * 20th Century dictators had access to things like radio, which allowed for mass spreading of the ruler's thoughts and ideas.

Yusuf Sheth (teh_pwnzorers)**<-- NOT TRUE (Taha_pwnzorz)**

=__1999 Compare and contrast the degree of success of treaties negotiated in Vienna (1814-1815) and Versailles (1919) in achieving European stability.__ = ====The Congress of Vienna redrew the map of Europe and was able to provide stability for most of the first half of the nineteenth century. Territorial adjustments were made and the borders established were held until the mid-1850s. After World War One, however, the Treaty of Versailles was unable to provide European stability. Germany, the Soviet Union and the small nations were excluded from the peace process and Germany was blamed for the entire war. They were forced to pay heavy reparations and lost a lot of territory. A second world war was unavoidable.==== = = 1. The Vienna Treaties Redraw the Map of Europe and Provide Stability until the 1850’s - Map of Europe redrawn in 1815. - Goals of statesmen who gathered at Vienna were conservative in the sense that they hoped to restore legitimate dynasties to the thrones of Europe. - Hoped to establish a system of international relations that would sustain peace rather than foster the kinds of wars that marked 18th-century state relations. - Permanent peace would require monarchs to believe that they had more to gain by supporting each other’s governments than by attacking each other. - France was restored to its traditional borders. - Various conquests of France were not recognized. - Dutch Republic and Austrian Netherlands were united into single state – Netherlands. - German Confederation replaced Holy Roman Empire. - Power was divided in the confederation between Prussia and Austria. - England determined to maintain a strong Prussia to prevent possible Russian aggression into Europe as well as against a strong Austrian Empire. - Poland remained partitioned among Prussia, Austria, and Russia. - Russia dominated most of Poland. - Italy was left divided among a number of small local states with Austria dominating the northeast and Piedmont dominating the northwest. Because Italy was divided like this it would not be very stable. In the future Italy will want to unify. - Spain and Portugal were restored to their former dynasties so no problems would arise there. - Ottoman Empire continued to govern southeastern Europe but with a very weak grip that permitted Russia, England, and France to establish spheres of influence. This will most likely lead to competition for the most influence among the powers. - Nationality was not recognized. - The Congress of Vienna provided a short-lasting peace for Europe. The peace lasted longer than the Versailles Treaty.

2. The Treaty of Versailles Angers Germany and Leads to Consequences - Soviet Union and Germany were excluded from the peace conference. - The Germans were presented with the treaty and were compelled to accept it. - Diplomats of the small nations were angered by their exclusion from decisions. - The League of Nations was to be a body of sovereign states who agreed to pursue common policies and to consult in the common interest, especially when war threatened. - The league was unlikely to be effective because it had no armed forces at its disposal. - The exclusion of Germany and the Soviet Union from the league further undermined its claim to evenhandedness. - Wilson approved territorial settlements that violated his own principles. - France received Alsace-Lorraine and the right to work the coal mines of the Saar for fifteen years. - Germany west of the Rhine and 50 kilometers east of it was to be a demilitarized zone. - Allied troops could stay on the west bank for fifteen years. - Britain and the U.S. would guarantee to aid France if it were attacked by Germany. - Germany’s army was limited to 100,000 men. - Its fleet was reduced and it was forbidden to have war planes, submarines, tanks, heavy artillery, or poison gas. - Germany lost a lot of territory as well. - The southern Slavs were united in the kingdoms of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. - Italy received Trentino and Trieste. - Germany had to and promised to pay compensations for all damages done to the civilian population of the Allies and their property ($15 billion to $25 billion). - France and Britain were eager to have Germany pay for the full cost of the war because they were worried about repaying their war debts to the U.S. - The Germans did not believe they were solely responsible for the war and bitterly resented the charge. - They were required to admit a war guilt that they did not feel. - They were required to accept the entire treaty as it was written by the victors. - Germany never got over this. - This peace would not last long and did not last long. - In 1939 World War Two broke out and Germany fought with a vengeance. - The Congress of Vienna was overall more effective in achieving European stability because the peace lasted longer. - Versailles punished Germany and it had consequences. - The tragedy of the Versailles treaty was that it was neither conciliatory enough to remove the desire for change, even at the cost of war, nor harsh enough to make another was impossible. - The peace in Paris was able to provide almost no stability in Europe. About two decades later, the world went to war for a second time.
 * Alex Schnapp**

media type="custom" key="3582638"media type="custom" key="3582644"media type="custom" key="3582646" = = =__2001 Compare and contrast the French Jacobins’ use of state power to achieve revolutionary goals during the Terror (1793-1794) with Stalin’s use of state power to achieve revolutionary goals in the Soviet Union during the period 1928 to 1939.__ = **__ Thesis __**** : ** In both France and the Soviet Union, the demands of the revolutions were met through successful control and dominance of the state. The Jacobins’ use of the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror and Stalin’s control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union enabled both to rise to power and lead their countries in policy and action. Although the methods used to achieve this result differed vastly on each side, the final products were quite similar and forever transformed the structures of these nations, both politically and economically. **__ Outline __**** : ** 1. __The Reign of Terror__ 2. __Stalin Takes Control__ o These were the three main goals of the Russian Revolution. o Stalin used communist policy and his state power to achieve all three. 3. __Similarities of the Strategies__
 * The Jacobins were a revolutionary club that came to gain many supporters for their radical policies.
 * They sought representative government and favored an unregulated economy, but they did not oppose wealth.
 * They began to cooperate with the leaders of the Paris Commune and the sans-culottes to overthrow the monarchy (both groups were extremely radical and revolutionary).
 * They were known as the “Mountain” because their seats in the assembly hall were very high.
 * The first step to achieving a republic/representative form of government was removing the monarch.
 * Louis XVI was tried as Citizen Capet.
 * Girondists were unable to save his life and he was beheaded on January 21, 1793.
 * In order to establish full state control, they had to eliminate competition and opposition.
 * Girondists had different views, but they unsuccessfully led France into war, so they lost support.
 * The Parisian sans-culottes invaded the Convention in 1793 and demanded the expulsion of the Girondists (gave the Mountain complete control).
 * The Committee of Public Safety removed suspected internal enemies as well as opposition throughout France from the aristocrats and monarchists.
 * The Committee of Public Safety
 * It was the instrument of state control used by the Jacobins.
 * Was created by the Convention in 1793 to perform executive duties of government.
 * It enjoyed almost dictatorial power.
 * It was led by Maximilien Robespierre and Jacques Danton.
 * Worked closely with the sans-culottes.
 * Basically led the French Revolution in both policy and action.
 * Ruled without opposition, either removed or killed those that challenged it.
 * Tried “enemies of the republic” (definition of enemy was very broad and subject to change).
 * Led the “Reign of Terror.”
 * With full state control, the Jacobins, led by Robespierre achieved many of their goals.
 * A “republic of virtue” was created.
 * Many hated aristocrats were executed.
 * Other classes were given a voice in government, especially to peasants, who dominated the communes.
 * A constitution was created (although after they were removed from power during the Thermidorean Reaction).
 * It was greatly impacted by the efforts of the Jacobins.
 * People received many more rights and civil liberties.
 * The incredible unchallenged power of the Jacobins enabled most of their goals to be achieved and reforms implemented.
 * Stalin came to power following Lenin, when the Russian Revolution was completed and communism was fully established.
 * In order to gain control of the Soviet Union, he had to beat out Trotsky, who led the original revolution.
 * Stalin’s knowledge of the party and strategic skill enabled him to assume control and lead the Communist Party.
 * As leader of the Communist Party, he led the Soviet Union.
 * One of his major goals for the Soviet Union was to become a major industrial power, so he urged rapid industrialization.
 * Production rose 400% between 1928 and 1940.
 * Iron, steel, coal, electric power, tractors, combines, railway cars, and heavy machinery were emphasized, rather than consumer goods.
 * Stalin’s plans were different from Lenin’s NEP, and he broke away from it, especially when establishing Five-Year Plans.
 * These plans were based on rapid, centralized economic development.
 * They were developed by the Gosplan, which was a state planning commission that set goals for production and organized the economy to meet them.
 * Lots of propaganda was used to sell these plans to the people.
 * The results were incredibly successful.
 * Stalin desired the collectivization of agriculture.
 * Wanted to produce enough grain for food and export, achieve control over the farm sector of the economy, and free peasant labor for the factories in the expanding industrial sector.
 * He was angry with the “kulaks”, which, under the NEP, had become prosperous.
 * They were unhappy with the lack of consumer goods and withheld grain from the markets, which made many people unhappy.
 * Stalin sent agents to find hoarded wheat in the countryside.
 * Stalin disliked the kulaks, and wanted to eliminate them as a class (kulaks came to mean anyone who opposed Stalin’s policy in the countryside).
 * Opened warfare seemed to appear in the countryside as the peasants protested and slaughtered over 100 million horses and cattle.
 * 10 million peasants were killed; millions more were put on collective farms and labor camps.
 * Famine followed in 1932 and 1933.
 * Smaller farms were consolidated; peasants were moved onto 1000-acre collective farms where the state provided machinery.
 * Over 90% was collectivized and the government directly controlled 40% of farm produce.
 * The government now controlled the food supply.
 * As Stalin’s actions moved away from Lenin’s ideas, internal opposition began to appear.
 * Stalin became nervous and paranoid, feared losing control of the party, which resulted in the Great Purges.
 * He forced Bukharin off the Politburo in 1929 because he favored the NEP.
 * Most likely, he had Sergei Kirov, party chief in Leningrad, assassinated in 1934 because he feared his growing power and influence.
 * Opponents of the regime were blamed, however, and thousands were arrested.
 * 1936-1938, high Soviet leaders, including members of the Politburo, publicly confessed to political crimes
 * They were convicted and executed.
 * The purges continued and spread into the army, where similar results occurred.
 * Millions died as a result of these purges.
 * The Western world as well as the Russian people was shocked, especially because the country was not in any state of emergency.
 * 1939, Stalin signed the Non-Aggression Pact with Hitler.
 * Achieved goal of gaining land in the Baltic States and Poland through this temporary alliance with Nazi Germany.
 * PEACE, BREAD, and LAND
 * Peace was brought by Stalin, who kept the Soviet Union out of major conflict for a while, and this brought prosperity.
 * The temporary alliance with Germany also contributed to the peace, until Hitler violated their agreement in 1941.
 * The collectivization of land and the nationalization of business increased food production and made farming more efficient.
 * As a result, there was plenty of food for the people and there was land to live/work on.
 * The alliance with Germany also allowed Russia to take land from Poland, the Baltic States, and they took Bessarabia from Romania.
 * Stalin was able to obtain more land through his foreign policy for the people of the Soviet Union.
 * Both eliminated the competition for power.
 * Louis XVI for the Jacobins
 * Trotsky for Stalin
 * Both used brutality and extreme force to carry out their plans and achieve their goals.
 * The Jacobins used the Committee of Public Safety
 * Had executive power and control.
 * Stalin used the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD).
 * Similar to the Cheka, they were the secret police that carried out the rule of terror under Stalin.
 * Maintained the regular police, as well as the covert operations involving the Gulag and the Main Directorate for State Security (GUGB), which eventually became the Committee for State Security (KGB).
 * Suppressed resistance, conducted espionage, performed deportations, etc.
 * Both eliminated internal opposition.
 * Jacobins expelled the Girondists from power.
 * Stalin carried out the Great Purges within his government, attacking all major areas, including the army and the party itself.
 * Both resulted in many casualties and resentment by the people affected.
 * There over 25,000 victims of the Reign of Terror (most of whom were peasants and sans-culottes).
 * Anger towards those involved in the Reign of Terror is shown during the Thermidorean reaction, when the “White Terror” occurred and the former radicals were attacked and executed.
 * Millions were killed and millions more were uprooted as a result of Stalin’s collectivization of agriculture (many were killed resisting his reforms).
 * Even millions more died as a direct result of the Great Purges.
 * Both scared other governments and led to reform outside their own countries.
 * European nations feared the French Revolution’s ideas spreading to their countries, so they condemned it and suppressed social movements within their own borders.
 * William Pitt the Younger turned against reform and popular movements, approved acts suspending habeas corpus, and claimed that treason could be committed in Europe.
 * The rest of Europe practiced active hostility.
 * The success of revolution in France brought a rapid close to reform movements in the rest of Europe.
 * Many nations had a greater fear of Communism following Stalin’s brutal actions.
 * Communist parties received less support and were seen as more extreme.
 * Both achieved overall success, despite the fact that it came at a great cost.
 * France received a constitution and citizens gained many more rights and civil liberties.
 * The Soviet Union had great economic success, especially impressive because it was achieved during the Great Depression, when most other nations were struggling economically.

= = = = =__2004 Analyze the participation of European women in the economy and in politics from 1914 to 1939. Use examples from at least TWO countries.__ = Women have held an essential prestige to both the economy and political branches of the nations of Europe. The conservative views held by the Germans in the Weimar Republic resorted back to traditional thoughts that the woman is a fixture in the home and is meant to perform domestic duties. The liberal state of Great Britain advanced to equality and extended its vote to woman in the civilized society.
 * Brett Teplitz **

A. The conservative view of women in Nazi Germany affixed them to the home and domestic duties
**1. Separation of men and women into different spheres** a. women belonged to the home b. those who sought to liberate themselves from these domestic duties were seen as a cancer to cultural development c. women would gain respect for their responsibility as mothers d. the special task of women was to preserve racial purity as mothers

a. supported Rousseau’s theory of separate spheres b. men supported the conservative view because it lessened competition among men and women in the economy during high amounts of unemployment
 * 2. Nazi’s have a conservative outlook on the role of women in society**

a. Germans believed that the birth rate was declining because women sought to leave their sphere and emancipate themselves b. Special award medal were given to women who bore large families (To help motivate a growing population=more Nazis) c. Nazis intended that women be educators for the young d. Forced to purchase German goods from shops to help boost and help the economy
 * 3. Women were attacked by Nazi’s for their feminist outlooks**

a. Women supported the political achievements of the Nazis because the women were assigned to certain roles actually found themselves in that role b. German women then demanded to be employed and were later recruited into the work force
 * 4. Nazi support from Women**

B. The liberal state of Britain extended its vote to women who attempted to achieve equality among society as well as other privileges
a. The National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies as led by Millicent Fawcett who helped achieve suffrage through legal means and no violence b. The Women’s Social and Political Union split and went to take more militant action and had over 100,000 members (The Cat and Mouse Act was passed to prevent suffragettes from gaining pubic sympathy)
 * 1. Previous formations of women protestors for rights**

a. The Representation of the People Act was passed in 1918. (Women over 30 years old could vote under the condition that they be married to a member f the Local Government Register) b.The Equal Suffrage Act was passed in 1928 (Gave all women who paid their rates to the government the same electoral privilege as men)
 * 2. Women Earn More Rights over time**

a. Similar to Germany, women were to be in the home performing domestic measures b. The Putting-Out System was used in which women performed work for a profit in their own home, they then "put out" their products
 * 3. Economic Responsibilities are Depended on by Women**

Jared Siegel

media type="custom" key="3583162"media type="custom" key="3583168" =__2004 Analyze the ways in which technology and mass culture contributed to the success of dictators in the 1920s and 1930s.__ = The major dictators of the 20’s and 30’s, Hitler of Greater Germany, Mussolini of Italy, and Stalin of the Soviet Union all used technology to their advantage by swaying popular opinion to fit with their ideology or communicating their message (usually or relating to fascism or communism) to the people; which in turn gave them all totalitarian power to make what the want out of their country and economy.

Hitler-Germany
 * Since the Treaty of Versailles and the Paris peace conferences, the public heavily disliked there new government
 * Stab in the back Theory: Originally the first initial wave of propaganda used by WW1 leaders in Germany had made the German people believing that they were actually winning the war instead of losing. Since then the people thought they were betrayed by this government and needs a new rule
 * In Germany there was never a non-militaristic state and or a monarchy with a ruler holding true power, like Charlemagne or Bismarck
 * In the own constitution article 48 shows a way for dictatorial power to be given in certain crisis’s
 * This loophole is better exploited later
 * Originally Hitler’s goal is to illegally take power through a coup which is known as a putsch. But Nazi party is still week and same with the amount of followers and besides for a strike, it is quelled and Hitler is sent to jail
 * In jail he wrote “Mein Kampf” or my struggle explaining what Hitler’s goals are
 * In jail however the original problems that lead to his support mellowed down
 * The invasion of the Ruhr and hyperinflation issues were both being fixed by Stressman
 * But the Nazis still had the fundamentals, anti-socialist, anti-parliamentary, and anti-Semitic.
 * Hitler used these common hatreds found in most German or German Nationalistic homes in order gain many under his causes which could appeal to the majority, the more “Aryan” like
 * Used Swastika and other common items to also appeal to the masses but used other means in order like fear from the s.s., sa. or Gestapo
 * The economic issues restarted in the great depression

Mussolini-Italy
 * Fascism rose from a need to escape form fears of massive raising of socialism
 * Fascism was a major right-wing conservative group which looked for a one party system that helped the middle class and was extremely capitalized
 * Showed the WW1 veterans that things can be done and set up the “Fasci di Combattimento” – or Band of Combatants
 * Using these people he was able to set up the black Shirts or his small veteran terrorist group he used to inflict fear in the Italian people and make the masses cower
 * Used arson, beatings, and murder of local officials to stop socialist support, end strikes and keep control in Northern Italy (industrialized sector)
 * After gaining much support through fear Mussolini a major amount of the country want him or feared he would take power, which he would try to do legally
 * This of course was achieved by his march on Rome, this was a march by black shirts to the king, Victor Emmanuel III, at Rome which lead to the King’s telegraph to Mussolini telling him that he was Prime Minister
 * The telegraph system was an easy way to spread news quicker and helped Mussolini establish power legally
 * King gave dictatorial power to Mussolini to re establish peace and order for one year but during this time he empowered the people with his ideas and made the masses vote to give fascists power in the Chamber of Deputies or legislative body of Italy
 * By 1926 he was then able to rule by decree
 * Used propaganda like other leaders to certify his ideas on the people but was heavily influenced as he was a man of the cult of personality
 * Signed Lateran Accord of 1929 to appease the pope and make allies with the Roman Catholic Church
 * Hoped to now make Italy self-sufficient so now they need not rely on others for dependency
 * “Battle of the Wheat”- stopped foreign grain from coming in to Italy to make people able to feed themselves
 * Corporatism- sought to steer an economic course between socialism and liberal laissez faire system by now putting the management and labor into syndicates
 * Then syndicates into corporations
 * 1938- changed Chamber of Deputies into Chamber of Corporations
 * Reorganized the economy to fit the new people of Fascist Italy
 * Also by 1935 Ethiopia was invaded again to restore honor to the people of Italy as they failed before to conquer that land back in 1896

Stalin- Soviet Union (Russia) Matthew Williamson = = =<span style="display: block; color: rgb(77,0,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;">__2007 Analyze how the Balkan crises from 1903 to 1914 and the crises in central and eastern Europe from 1935 to 1939 threatened Europe's balance of power.__ = Europe’s balance of power was threatened from 1905 to 1919 by the several Balkan wards. In addition, the aggressive actions undertaken by Germany and Russia from 1935 to 1939 further disrupted the European balance of power. Ben Spiegel
 * Stalin before taking power first began his conquest inside the party as secretary
 * But outside of the party he used Pravda (truth), a newspaper meant to voice the ideology of Stalin to the people in Russia.
 * Organized all mass nationalities following under socialist values in the Third International
 * Using 21-conditions eliminated all except Bolsheviks/ communists
 * 1927-Finally the Soviet Union had reached there industrial economic status as they were back right before WW1
 * This allowed for Russia to rapid industrialize with the new technology running the economy under heavy industry
 * From 1928-1940 industry increased and from it productivity rose around 400%
 * The usage of creating iron, steel, coal, electrical power, tractors, combines, railway cars, and etc. all lead to a massive increase in economy
 * To start this process they would export grain from farmers, even at the risk of starvation form some of the population
 * Then the rest could be used to help the population in internal production
 * Kept his dictatorial power in check up by keeping everyone unified under many different types of fields
 * First major way was through the use of economy in his unified economy and nationalized all businesses, industries and agriculture
 * In his 5 year plans he made a whole least of what is going to be needed to be made by what time, and then followed through by the Gosplan plan to control between each city or major area to coordinate the economy
 * Kulaks were killed off for collectivization to occur and was eventually established
 * Was able to make 98% of all agriculture collective from his actions in 1928-1931
 * Through there actions in unifying there great culture and people under creating all that new technology and industries but weeded it out to an elite and working group through purges
 * Purges were Stalin’s form of removing anyone who fell into a different political view as him, old Bolshevik members who could over throw him, or any Russian usually kulaks who didn’t follow his plan
 * All the remaining members and people of the Soviet Union were tightly unified through the massive propaganda used to unite the people. But in Russia the propaganda was unique, besides using posters instead of using radio like most countries to make sure no other signals got through, like Germany, they used loud speakers and projected it through the streets for all to hear
 * 1) After the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early modern age, the Balkans have repeatedly observed conflict between European powers, hoping to gain power by taking power in this area.
 * 2) Russia’s expansionist policies had led to its conquering of many Balkan territories.
 * 3) However, by the late 19th century and early 20th century, nationalism had led to the development of many nation status including Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece.
 * 4) Austria’s conservative government had long been conflicting with that of Russia in the Balkan crises.
 * 5) Both countries wished to establish territories in southeastern Europe.
 * 6) The people of the Balkans had engaged in several crises leading to the first and second Balkan Wars.
 * 7) These wars presented Russia’s limitations and showed Austria’s authority
 * 8) These developments shifted the balance of power in Europe, as southeastern Europe was now controlled by Austria, giving it in effect more power.
 * 9) From 1935 to 1939, Hitler’s aggressive actions again distorted the continental balance of power in Europe.
 * 10) His expansionist ideology and policies led to his remilitarization of the German army
 * 11) As the Treaty of Versailles had been imposed to preserve the balance of power within Europe, and it contained a limitation on how many men could be in the German army (100,000) in order to protect the continent, and that now this provision was being flagrantly ignored, obviously shows an upset in the continental balance of power
 * 12) Additionally, Hitler reinstituted aircrafts and a navy into his his forces, something the Treaty of Versailles forbid, he was upsetting the continental balance of power
 * 13) In addition, Hitler had remilitarized the Rhineland, a buffer state between France and Germany.
 * 14) The appeasement policy followed by Britain and France of the Munich conference further instigated Hitler’s ambitions.
 * 15) After annexing Czechoslovakia, Germany had demanded the Polish lands also.
 * 16) Although Britain and France finally declared war on the Germans to protect Poland, it was too late, as the continental balance of power had collapsed.