World+War+II+&+Its+Aftermath



=__1993 Compare and contrast the attitudes toward science and technology held by the Enlightenment thinkers with the various attitudes held by European artists and intellectuals in the twentieth century.__ = === In the twentieth century, ideals concerning science and technology held during the Enlightenment resurfaced in the form of renewal in skepticism and secular outlooks, the rise of Darwinism, and the exploration of new scientific research never before possible, in an ongoing effort to better understand the world at large.===

-

Enlightenment thought, especially Locke
--Zach Zadek = =

=1997-Describe and analyze the resistance to Soviet authority in the Eastern bloc from the end of the Second World War through 1989. Be sure to include examples from at least two Soviet satellite nations. = The Soviet authority experienced many uprisings as nations under the communist flag sought autonomy from its authoritarian rule; some movements, like those in Yugoslavia and Poland were able to achieve relative independence from Soviet control, but others like those in Czechoslovakia and Hungary were shut down by the Soviet with military force. Successful in achieving autonomy: -Josip Broz “Tito” successfully separated from Soviet control in Yugoslavia -After he liberated his nation from Germany during the Second World War, he defied Stalin in 1948 and established his own communist state and became the leader of the non aligned nations -He denied joining the Eastern European communist bloc and was expelled from the Comintern -He thereafter established somewhat of a socialist democracy -After the fall of the Polish Prime Minister, Wladyslaw Gomulka took control - He promised continued economic and military cooperation, but also Poland’s continuation in the Warsaw Pact -This allowed Poland a degree of autonomy because it was able to manage its own affairs without Soviet intervention -the Polish Communist party made peace with the Roman Catholic Church, halted land collectivization, established western trade, and participated in cultural exchange programs with non-communist nations -Shortages of food and consumer goods lead to strikes and the departure of Gomulka -After Stanislaw Kania was the leader of the Polish Communist party, there were even real elections, and the RCC was able to broadcast mass over radio -To prevent Soviet intervention at this point, General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in 1981 and began political repression Unsuccessful in achieving autonomy: -1948, Stalin took over Czechoslovakia, it became part of the Warsaw pact in 1955 -Prague Spring 1968: Czech gov’t, under Alexander Dubcek began to experiment with a little more liberal communism -expanded rights at a time when the Soviets suppressed them viciously, in part due to the success of Josip Broz in Yugoslavia years before - In the summer of 1968, the Soviets sent troops into Czechoslovakia and put leaders into place that shared their ideals -Brezhnev doctrine: Right of Soviet Union to interfere in the politics of other communist countries -Dubcek: Socialism with a human face= new federal constitution, for new legislation to provide for a greater degree of civil liberty, and for a new electoral law to give greater freedom to non-Communist parties -Dubcek’s Action Program instigated the Soviet invasion -After demonstrations in Hungary sympathetic towards the Polish people lead to street fighting between the demonstrators and communist party, a new gov’t was installed, under leadership of Imre Nagy -Nagy was a communist, but sought greater Hungarian independence -Demanded more the Poland’s Gomulka, and appealed to non communist Hungarian groups for support -Nagy wanted Soviet troops withdrawn to create a neutral Hungary, and even wanted to withdraw from the Warsaw pact -Soviet troops invaded Hungary, deposed and executed Nagy, and put in his place Janos Kadar Bacchus

=**1998 Using specific examples from Eastern and Western Europe, discuss economic development during the period 1945 to the present, focusing on one of the following:** = =**a). Economic recovery and integration** = =**b). Development of the welfare state and its subsequent decline** = Thesis: Economically, many changes took place after 1945. Various countries began to become more and more occupied in trying to weaken Germany’s economy which would help prevent a third world war. Many countries all over Europe were forced to pay reparations to make amends and aid in healing the injuries that were caused during the war. **Due to Germany’s threatening performance in World War II, each country began concentrating on the various methods to prevent Germany from becoming powerful once again.** R **Reparations were being paid throughout Europe to help make amends to the harm done to individual countries during the war**
 *  Stalin intended to destroy Germany's industrial capabilities in order to prevent the country from remilitarizing
 *   The Soviet Union wanted to exact revenge on Germany by dismantling its factories
 *  The Soviet Union also wished to build a buffer between Germany and Moscow
 *  Stalin attempted to drive British, French, and American forces out of Berlin by cutting off all highway and railway access to the Western-controlled portion of the city
 *   The    Morgenthau Plan of 1944 called for taking away from Germany the industrial resources required for war
 *  This way, another world war can be avoided
 *  Germany's main sources of coal and iron were to be removed from Germany
 *  The removal of the coal and iron was intended to weaken Germany’s economy.
 *  Nationalist tendencies in India and Pakistan along with the tensions in Europe led to their separation from England.
 * <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> England had lost its jewel in the crown, India

<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Italy had to pay 25 Million to Ethiopia because of the damage that Ethiopia had due to Italy’s invasion in Ethiopia. <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">    Germany was to pay Russia not by goods or money but by the transfer of capital goods <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Capital goods such as dismantled manufacturing plants <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Separate    reparation had to be paid by Germany, which was 3,000,000 German former prisoners of wa, as well as civilians. <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> These prisoners were to be used as laborers =<span style="display: block; color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;">**2000 Compare and contrast the political and economic policies of Joseph Stalin in the period before the Second World War and those of Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991).** =
 * <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Russia wanted Germany to pay outrageous amounts in war reparations
 * <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> According to the Potsdam Conference   Germany was to pay the Allies     $20 billion mainly in machinery
 * <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Due to the Paris Peace Treaties 1947, Italy had to pay reparations of about 125 million to Yugoslavia

<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**Throughout the twentieth century, the dynamics of Russian political and economic life have varied greatly from the repressive policies of Josef Stalin to the more open, reconstructive policies of Mikhail Gorbachev.**



<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> -Stalin's policy of state-organized industrialization turned his country into a industrial and military power second only to the USA. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> -The policy of the <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Bolsheviks was to grant the right of self-determination to all the various nationalities within Russia. - During the <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Civil War, Stalin played an important administrative role in military matters and took the credit for successfully defeating the <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">White Army at Tsaritsyn. -instigated as the <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Red Terror. - The Soviet's government's policy of <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">War Communism during the <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Civil War created social distress and led to riots, strikes and demonstrations - <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">New Economic Policy (NEP)- Stalin expanded on it; Farmers were now allowed to sell food on the open market and could now employ people to work for them. - Gave rise to the Kulaks- Those farmers who expanded the size of their farms - In 1928 Stalin began attacking kulaks for not supplying enough food for industrial workers. He also advocated the setting up of <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">collective farms. The proposal involved small farmers joining forces to form large-scale units. In this way, it was argued, they would be in a position to afford the latest machinery. Stalin believed this policy would lead to increased production. However, the peasants liked farming their own land and were reluctant to form themselves into state collectives.
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Policies of Stalin: **
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">- ** infamous for his campaigns of terror, was totalitarian dictator

-Stalin was furious that the peasants were putting their own welfare before that of the Soviet Union. Local communist officials were given instructions to confiscate <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">kulaks property. - <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> Since the <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">October Revolution industrial progress had been slow. It was not until 1927 that production had reached the levels achieved before the start of the <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">First World War Stalin decided that he would use his control over the country to modernize the economy. - The first <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Five Year Plan that was introduced in 1928, concentrated on the development of iron and steel, machine-tools, electric power and transport. - Stalin supported the <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Popular Front government in <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Spain. After the outbreak of the <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Spanish Civil War he sent large quantities of Soviet tanks and aircraft to the Republicans. They were accompanied by a large number of tank-drivers and pilots from the <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Soviet Union. All told, about 850 Soviet advisers, pilots, technical personnel and interpreters took part in the war. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> **<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Policies of Gorbachev: ** <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> -Gorbachev’s rule was the last great attempt to reform the Soviet system and to eliminate its repressive Stalinist heritage. -Even though his attempts failed, his attempts ended both communist rule and the Soviet Union itself. -After the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Soviet government had poured resources into a military buildup, leaving the non military side of the economy stagnant. -Consumer goods were low, but alcoholism and absenteeism were high. -Gorbachev had been known for his impatience with the inefficiencies of the Soviet system. -He believed that only drastic change could restore the Soviet’s political and economic health. -He wished to rejuvenate the original Bolshevik vision, which he believed has been undermined by corruption and political terror. -Gorbachev quickly unleashed political and social forces bar beyond his control and was ultimately overwhelmed by them. -Under the policy of //<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">perestroika //, “or reconstructing,” they proposed major economical and political reforms. -Some targets of economic reform were: various centralized economic ministries, a larger role for private enterprise on the local level, clear abandonment of Marxist ideology, private ownership of property, and move toward a free market. - He promised laborers better wages and wider political liberties - Instead of growing, the economy faced decline. - Shortages of food, consumer goods, and housing became chronic -To some extent he pursued bold political reform because of the absence of economic progress. -Within Soviet context, Gorbachev allowed an extraordinarily broad public discussion and criticism of Soviet history. -This development was termed //<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">glasnost //, or “openness” -Censorship was relaxed and free expression was encouraged -Gorbachev was inept when it came to the complaints of ethnic group minorities. -Gorbachev moved from glasnost to perestroika in the political area. -SOVIET DOMINATION AND COMMUNIST RULE IN EASTERN EUROPE CAME TO AN ABRUPT END <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> =<span style="display: block; color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;"> = =<span style="display: block; color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;">2001 Compare and contrast the political and economic effects of the Cold War (1945-1991) on Western Europe with the effects on Eastern Europe. = Politically speaking, the Cold War made the divisions between the anti-communistic nations of Western Europe and tho pro- communistic nations of Eastern Europe very clear as the alliances of these regions were evident by the Warsaw pact of the East, and the divisions of Germany. The most important political occurence was the abject failure of the Warsaw Pact and of communism in general, as a result of anticommunist uprisings in the Eastern European nations of Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and even the Soviet Union itself; this made clear the strength of Western democratic theory compared to Eastern communist ideals. Economically speaking, the Cold War resulted in cooperation and betterment in Western Europe, through the Marshall Plan with the US and the establishment of the Common Market. However in Eastern Europe, a shift from a traditionally communist system to a free market capitalistic system resulted in a worsened economy; the primary example here would be Russia, as the other Eastern European countries were not directly involved in the "war."
 * Liz Blesson**

[[image:outline.jpg width="51" height="39"]]I. Evident Divisions between Western Anti-communism and Eastern Communism, and the failure of the Latter (specific in thesis)

 * NATO- Alliance between the US, Canada, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, France, Italy, Denmakr, Norway, Portugal, and Iceland. This alliance comitted members to mutual assistance. Later West Germany, Greece, and Turkey also joined.
 * Due to Cold War tension between the US and the USSR, the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact- this was essentially a communist alliance between the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.
 * Germany divisions- Eastern Germany was essentially dominated by Soviet thought, while Western Germany was more democratic and capitalistic.
 * Thus, the Cold War created more defined political boundaries of the communists of the East and the capitalists of the West. This was a similarity, as the Cold War made clear divisions for both groups.
 * Communism failed- Czechoslovakia became the Czech republic.
 * Hungary housed movements for independence and, under Premier Janos Kadar, promised free elections in October 1990. It essentially became less much less communistic and more democratic.
 * Poland saw a rebirth of the solidarity movement- those in the Solidarity party greatly outweighed those in power that were communists, so by 1989, the prime minister, Tadeusz Mazowieki, was not a communist.
 * Romania- Provincial government was established in Bucharest after a violent revolution, allowing free vote for the first time.
 * Gorbachev himself directed the Soviet Union to a less communistic and more democratic way of political recourse- ex. movement from glasnost to Perestroika- vote allowed in new Constitution. Also, change from traditional marxist political theory was made- Gorbachev allowed private ownership
 * Western European countries kept their democratic ways.
 * Thus, a political difference between Western and Eastern Europe was that the Eastern system of communism failed- this actually led to political similarities in democratic politics.

II. Economic Success in Western Europe Through Cooperation and Failure in Eastern Europe due to adaptation (more specific in thesis)

 * Marshall Plan- billions of dollars were spent in Western Europe and Western Germany in repairing housing, transportation, and industry.
 * The Organization for European Economic Cooperation was set up-this gave the involved countries new experience in working cooperatively and efficiently.
 * European Coal and Steel Company was set up- organized by France, West Germany, Italy, and the "Benelux" countries.
 * Limited to a single sector of the economy, but had significant effect on other areas.
 * The members of the ECST set up the EEC (European Economic Community, or Common Market). They sought to achieve free flow of capital, wage and social benefits, etc.
 * The group saw great success- thus Western economy did reasonably well.
 * Russia- following decline of nation from the war, switching to a more capitalistic economy was a bad move on Gorbachev's part.
 * Military weapons of the Cold War were sold all over the world to compensate for poverty.
 * In conclusion, Russia lost its superpower status, while the west had improvement in its economy due to cooperation.

Taha Ahmad (this is why i'm hot)

<span style="display: block; color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;"> ==2005 Compare and contrast the victorious Allied powers' treatment of Germany after the First World War with their treatment of Germany after the Second World War. Analyze the reasons for the similarities and differences.==

In 1919 and 1945, Germany faced consequences at the end of World War I and World War II. Though Germany was treated in a similar way after each war, changing times caused for changing treatments. Whether it be the effectiveness of the treatment of Germany or treatment conforming to a change in German power and actions, there were reasons for the similar and different treatment of Germany after each war. By: Jake Cohen

=<span style="display: block; color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;"> = =<span style="display: block; color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;">**__2005 Analyze the factors responsible for decolonization since the Second World War.__** = ===During WWII European Nations fought in the war against the tyrant Hitler. In addition to fighting the European nations, wanted to continue to maintain their power and colonial dominance. On the Contrary, As a result of the massive conflict ,Japan began to withdraw from the areas it conquered, thus forcing Europeans out of Asia .As well the European nations being distracted by the war effort against Hitler, increased decolonization because of the inadequate funds and time available to rule their colonies effectively. As a result of there became an increase the rise of Indigenous Nationalist movements within the European world which combated European colonial dominance, as educated colonial independence leaders stated their points through values and political Ideologies that would cause European Nations to relinquish their colonial holdings in order to maintain their balance of power while at war.===



Japan Forcing Europeans out of Asia:

 * ===Japanese conquest in Asia helped force out the European Powers===
 * ===Japanese had been defeated in many areas and officials withdrew from their off shore holdings===
 * ===Japan now had the time to divert the Europeans from Asia thus riding themselves of the influence of western nations===
 * ===Japanese sought to decrease the influence of westernization in Asia===
 * ===Japan wanted to maintain culture===
 * ===Used their power as an empire to stop further European imperialism===
 * ===Almost fully got rid of colonies in the far eastern region===

War Torn Nations Distracted by the WWII conflict

 * ===WWII drew military forces of the colonial powers back to Europe to fight===
 * ===War caused political dislocation===
 * ===When the post war economic collapse arrived the European colonial powers were unable to maintain their holdings abroad===
 * ===During the war the nations had less time to rule over their nations although they were still used for trade and the transportation of good s===
 * ===Post war policies of the United States opposed European colonization and imperialism===
 * ===War aims of the allies undermined colonialism===
 * ===Difficult to fight against tyrants in Europe while maintaining colonial dominance and power abroad===
 * ===Decolonization occurred systematically :===
 * ===1947 – Britain withdrew from India – resulting from internal religious disputes between Indians and Pakistanis===
 * ===150s Britain tried to prepare colonies for self government===
 * ===Ghana+ Nigeria gained independence and were self governed in 1957 and 1960===
 * ===(planned decolonization===
 * ===Smaller colonial powers had less of a chance===
 * ===Dutch were forced from their east indies possessions===
 * ===Belgian Congo became independent in the midst of great turmoil===
 * ===France was driven from North Africa===
 * ===Revolution in Portugal resulted in the liberation of Mozambique and Angola===

Rise of Indigenous Nationalist movements within the European Colonial World

 * ===Nationalist Movements of all types began to arise in European colonial holdings===
 * ===During WWII colonies developed large senses of nationalism in which the bean to seek independence from their ruling nations===
 * ===Nationalist movements were often lead by gifted people who were educated===
 * ===Used Values and Ideologies they had learned in Europe to develop critiques of their situation===
 * ===Leadership and the blatant injustice on colonial people helped make the nationalist movement more effected===
 * ===Civil rights movement in the United States encouraged European retreat from imperialism===
 * ===Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. Echoed many of the values and ideologies that would drive European powers to retreat from the colonial holdings===

By : Dominic Akerele

=<span style="display: block; color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;"> = =<span style="display: block; color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;"> = =<span style="display: block; color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;">//2006 Compare and contrast the social and economic roles of the state in 17th and 18th century Europe (before 1789) to the social and economic roles of the state in Europe after the Second World War.// = THESIS: Between the 18th century and 20th century, the states in Europe underwent dramatic changes concerning their roles in their counties. The 18th century witnessed the rule of Enlightened Despots. Within this era, rulers aimed for the advancement of society by fostering education, aiding the economy and promoting social justice. The 20th century witnessed the ruling of communist parties, who brutally repressed their citizens and carried out totalitarian ideals. Though not fully proven, the era of enlightened despots appeared a lot smoother and more productive as compared to the era of communism and totalitarianism.

I. Russia, Prussia and Austria were among the states who experienced rule from the enlightened despots such as Fredrick The Great, Peter The Great, Catherine The Great, and Joseph II. - Enlightened despots stayed in power while promoting the good of their people - Enlightened despotism helped slow the decline of Austria - The method of rule was evident in Sweden, Spain and Portugal and especially in the East

- In Prussia: - Fredrick William and Fredrick I centralized the government and encouraged industry in order to support the states relatively large standing army. - Fredrick The Great was known as the first servant of the state - He heightened the Prussian army and improved on education, codified laws, fostered industry, invited immigration and extended religious toleration

- In Russia: - During the rule of Ivan the Great, Russia inherited Byzantine culture and became the center of the Orthodox Church - Moscow became known as the third Rome - Under Ivan the Terrible, consolidation and expansion continued - The Boyars influenced the government heavily - Gained power through a council, the Duma - There was a constant fight for power between the monarchy and the powerful aristocrats - Serfdom came about - Peter the Great gained vast territories in the The Baltic Sea and The Black Sea - He also westernized Russia - He encouraged commerce and industry - Catherine the Great annexed Polish and Ottoman land

- In Austria: - Maria Theresa centralized the government, promoted commerce and limited the power of the nobles - Joseph II guaranteed freedom of the press and of religion - He also reformed the judicial system toward greater equality for all classes, making German the official language - He had hopes of fostering centralization and abolishing serfdom

II. With help from the Red Army, local communist parties in Eastern European countries, such as Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Romania, took over the coalition governments and fell towards soviet rule. - Communist governments in the satellite nations carried out land distribution reforms and nationalization of industry.

-Communist Methods: - Forced collectivization of agriculture was introduced - The method was minimally successful - Soviet type five-year plans helped reconstruction - These plans also built up industry - This was all, however, at the expense of consumer goods - Police state methods were used - Domestic spying, arbitrary imprisionment, censorship and torture were used in order to prevent opposition parties - Wanted to remove the influence of the Roman Catholic Church

-Later Years: - Repression was tightened to the breaking point in the U.S.S.R. during the final years of Stalin’s rule - He achieved industrialization, victory in the Great Patriotic War, and the widespread communist movement in Eastern Europe - All these accomplishments had to be measured against the brutal repression he imposed on the Russian people - Although he achieved results he went about getting them by very hard ways - Through his regime he was responsible for the slaughter of 30 million of his citizens - He denied them civil rights - He established forced labor camps (gulags) - These camps repressed anyone who had freely expressed themselves

-ANTHONY BAVARO

=<span style="display: block; color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;">2006 Considering the period 1933 to 1945, analyze the economic, diplomatic, and military reasons for Germany's defeat in the Second World War. = Throughout the times of WWII Germany had an appearance as the worlds new power yet economically, diplomatically and through military action they were on the road to defeat. Economic: -Germany was running out of economic rescouces - Lack of imports and exports -Drafted men limited factory output - Severe rationing and shortages -Use of teens and elderly due to lack of workers

Diplomatically: -Made treaties with many nations that were soon broken -Withdrew from the league of nations -Tehran meeting -Yalta meeting - Loss of german morale

Military Action: -Germany found themselves in a two front war -The allies came from the east and the Russians from the west -The army was being pushed back into Germany -Turning point battles in Normandy ,El-Alamein, and Stalingrad - Loss at battle at the Bulge - Army was running out of resources

JONATHAN EICHHOLZ =<span style="display: block; color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;"> = =<span style="display: block; color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;">//2004 Analyze the factors working for and against European unity from 1945 to 2001.// = Although the limited success of the United Nations and the conciliatory policies led by Khrushchev helped relieve tensions and reconcile the harshly divided 20th century Europe, European unity was stifled by stronger factors. The antagonism between the East and West during the Cold War, accompanied by the looming threat of nuclear warfare, embittered international political cooperation. Economically, perseverance in steps taken toward reform as well as the success of the European Union counteracted and overcame the lack of early 20th century economic cooperation that had allowed for the devastation of European economies.

I. __FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TOWARDS EUROPEAN UNITY__

A. POLITICAL FACTORS 1. The United Nations (UN) founded in 1945 aimed to facilitate international cooperation, security, economic development, and other common aims -Founded with the Atlantic Charter (1942) -Replaced the unsuccessful League of Nations (which had NO teeth, whereas the UN did) -Although its success was limited because of the USSR using its veto power constantly -The Arm's race! (use as transition into political obstacles)

2. Nikita Khrushchev emerged the new Communist party leader after Stalin’s death in 1953 -He initiated a “thaw in the Cold War,” he called for a peaceful coexistence -Achieved some reconciliation and relaxed tensions with Western Europe with his anti-Stalin campaign and his policy of liberalization - allowed for greater intellectual freedom -Began attempts to resolve differences, such as the Geneva Summit of 1958

-Détente - means a progressive relaxation of tensions -In 1975, 33 European nations met at Helsinki, Finland and signed the Helsinki Pact - European countries formally agreed to recognize Soviet territorial gains in Europe and domination of Eastern Europe -Nations agreed to further the cause of human rights

B. ECONOMIC FACTORS 1. Formation of the European Union (also known as European Economic Community before 1991) reduced the threat of conflict to European prosperity -The unsuccessful Suez intervention and subsequent diplomatic isolation of France and Britain persuaded many Europeans that unified action was necessary to control their own destinies -In 1957, the Treaty of Rome was signed by six nations in Europe set up the European Common Market (EEC) to allow for free movement of capital and the elimination of tariffs. In 1973 Britain, Denmark, and Ireland joined, and in 1981 Greece joined, and in 1986 Spain and Portugal joined -EEC was stunningly successful -In 1991, under the Treaty of Maastricht, the EEC leaders agreed on the introduction of a unified currency and creation of a strong central bank ensured the continent’s economic growth

2. Reforms -Marshall Plan, aka. European Recovery Program, provided over $13 billion in aid for foodstuff, machinery, and raw materials -Helped improve battered economies of Western Europe, it required close economic planning and cooperation among European nations and discouraged a return to prewar economic nationalism -Demonstrated the productivity and efficiency that resulted from cooperative activity

-In 1950, Jean Monet, leading French representative and statesman, and Robert Schuman proposed an economic union of Western European nations to integrate all European coal/steel production -In 1951, the “Benelux” countries organized the European Coal and Steel Community, which prospered because of the immense growth of production in Western Europe, it helped reduce suspicions regarding economic integration and coordination

II. __OBSTACLES OF UNITY__

A. POLITICAL OBSTACLES 1. The Cold War (1947-1980) was a series of antagonistic policies between the United States and Soviet Union -Sprung from a mutual distrust and ideological differences between the democratic ideals of Western Europe and Communism of Eastern Europe

-Potsdam Conference of 1945 laid the groundwork for the beginning of the Cold War: discordance between Truman and Stalin because Stalin broke the pledge of free elections he agreed to at the Yalta Conference of 1945 -Potsdam Conference broke down wartime cooperation between the members of the Grand Alliance (U.S., Britain, and Soviet Union), split between Soviet Union and Western Powers -The Iron Curtain - In 1946 in a speech Winston Churchill gave pointed out the sharp split of Europe into two sides, it symbolized the growing fear of communism that kept the sides from cooperating -Truman Doctrine (1947) - U.S. asserted they would support any country rejecting or resisting Communism -Two defensive military alliances formed: U.S.-dominated NATO (1949) and the Soviet-dominated Warsaw Pact (1955) -In 1949, ten European states organized the Council of Europe but none of the major states was willing to surrender any sovereignty to the new body and it failed -1961 - Khrushchev ordered construction of the Berlin Wall, sealing off East Berlin from the West in violation of existing agreements

2. The Arm’s Race -The Cold War led to the creation of a nuclear weapons system that raised fear of nuclear disaster and deepened distrust (it’s kind of hard to get along when both sides have their finger of the button for massive bombs, eh?) -In 1949, the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb, the first true threat to the U.S.’s nuclear monopoly -1952, the U.S. announced the development of the H-bomb, a thousand times more powerful than the atomic bomb -1953 - the Soviet Union also tested an H-bomb

B. ECONOMIC OBSTACLES 1. WWII left European economies battered and falling apart -Countries in general sought nationalistic goals and pursued their own economic gain -The lack of economic cooperation or leadership took its toll on global economy

2. Unwillingness of French to compromise gave the Common Market difficulty in the 1960’s - President de Gaulle refused French participation unless he dictated certain conditions to ensure French sovereignty -Refusal of Norway and Sweden (which both had strong economies) to join the EEC stagnated it -The European Union the difficulty of relating to the newly independent states in Eastern Europe whose economies and governments were less developed -The concern of the domination or over-influence of the newly united Germany

Katelyn Fletcher =<span style="display: block; color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;"> = =<span style="display: block; color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;"> = =<span style="display: block; color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;">//2007 Considering the period 1953 to 1991, analyze the problems within the Soviet Union that contributed to the eventual collapse of the Soviet system.// =

=<span style="display: block; color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;"> = =<span style="display: block; color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;">//2008 Analyze the economic and social challenges faced by Western Europe in the period from 1945 to 1989.// =